Astaxanthin Prevents Atrophy in Slow Muscle Fibers by Inhibiting Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species via a Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis Pathway

Astaxanthin (AX) is a carotenoid that exerts potent antioxidant activity and acts in the lipid bilayer. This study aimed to investigate effects of AX on muscle-atrophy-mediated disturbance mitochondria, which have Tail suspension was used establish muscle-atrophied mouse model. diet fed tail-suspension mice prevented loss muscle weight, inhibited decrease myofiber size, restrained increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production soleus muscle. Additionally, improved downregulation mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I III after tail suspension. Meanwhile, promoted biogenesis by upregulating expressions adenosine 5′-monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) α-1, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, creatine (Ckmt) 2 mice. To confirm phenotype muscle, we examined its mitochondria using Sol8 myotubes derived from We found preferentially detected fraction; it significantly suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) myotubes. Moreover, activation caspase 3 via inhibiting release cytochrome c into cytosol antimycin A–treated These results suggested protected functional stability alleviated oxidative stress mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, thus, atrophy.